MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS:(CONTINUES)

FLUTE:
The flute is a musical instrument of the woodwind family. Unlike woodwind instruments with reeds, a flute is an aerophone or Reedles

wind instrument that produces its sound from the flow of air across an opening. According to the instrument classification of Hornobostel-sachs, flutes are categorized as edge blown aerophone.A musician who plays the flute can be referred to as a flute player, a flautist a flutist,or, less commonly, a fluter. The term flutenist, found in English up to the 18th century, is no longer used.

Aside from the voice, flutes are the earliest known musical instrument. A number of flutes dating to about 43,000 to 35,000 years ago have been found in the Swabian Alb region of Germany. These flutes demonstrate that a developed musical tradition existed from the earliest period of modern human presence in Europe.The oldest flute ever discovered may be a fragment of the femur of a juvenile cave bear, with two to four holes, found at Divje Babe in Slovenia and dated to about 43,000 years ago. However, this has been disputed.

 In 2008 another flute dated back to at least 35,000 years ago was discovered in Hohle Fels cave near Ulm, Germany. The five-holed flute has a V-shaped mouthpiece and is made from a vulture wing bone. The researchers involved in the discovery officially published their findings in the journal Nature, in August 2009.The discovery was also the oldest confirmed find of any musical instrument in history,until a redating of flutes found in Geißenklösterle cave revealed them to be even older with an age of 42.000 to 43.000 years.

MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS

"A painter paints pictures on canvas. But musicians paint their pictures on silence." -Leopold Stokowski

There are lots of musical instrument in this world. Naming some Guitar, keyboard, drum, flute, violin, congo, piano, etc. Lets see a brief description about them.

GUITAR:

The guitar is a string instrument of the Chordophone family constructed from wood and strung with either nylon or steel strings. The modern guitar was preceded by the lute, vihuela, four- course renaissance guitar and five-course baroque guitar, all of which contributed to the development of the modern six-string instrument.

There are three main types of modern acoustic guitar: the classical guitar (nylon-string guitar), the steel string acoustic guitar, and the archtop guitar.

The tone of an acoustic guitar is produced by the vibration of the strings, which is amplified by the body of the guitar, which acts as a resonating chamber. The classical guitar is often played as a solo instrument using a comprehensive finger picking technique.

Electric guitars, introduced in the 1930's, use an amplifier that can electronically manipulate and shape the tone. Early amplified guitars employed a hollow body, but a solid body was eventually found more suitable, as it was less prone to feedback. Electric guitars have had a continuing profound influence on popular culture. Guitars are recognized as a primary instrument in genres such as blues, bluegrass, country, flameco, folk, jazz, jota,mariachi, metal, punk, reggae, rock, soul, and many forms of pop.

Before the development of the electric guitar and the use of synthetic materials, a guitar was defined as being an instrument having "a long, fretted neck, flat wooden soundboard, ribs, and a flat back, most often with incurved sides".The modern word guitar, and its antecedents, have been applied to a wide variety of cordophones since ancient times and as such is the cause of confusion. The English word guitar, the German Gitarre, and the French guitare were adopted from the Spanish guitarra, which comes from the Andalusian Arabic قيثارة qitara, itself derived from the latin cithara, which in turn came from the Ancient greek κιθάρα kithara.

Although the word guitar is descended from the Latin word cithara, the modern guitar itself is not generally believed to have descended from the Roman instrument. Many influences are cited as antecedents to the modern guitar. One commonly cited influence is of the arrival of the four-string Oud, which was introduced to Spain by the invading Moors in the 8th century.

MUSICAL INSTRUMENT : MEANING

"It's easy to play any musical instrument: all you have to do is touch the right key at the right time and the instrument will play itself."
The human voice is the first and most natural musical instrument, also the most emotional. But beside there are many more musical instument in this world to support the natural musical instrument voice.

so what actually is musical instrument??A musical instrument is a device created or adapted to make musical sounds. In principle, any object that produces sound can be a musical instrument—it is through purpose that the object becomes a musical instrument. The history of musical instruments dates to the beginnings of human culture. Early musical instruments may have used for ritual: such as a trumpet to signal success on the hunt, or a drum in a religious ceremony. Cultures eventually developed composition and performance of melodies for entertainment. Musical instruments evolved in step with changing applications.
The date and origin of the first device considered a musical instrument is disputed. The oldest object that some scholars refer to as a musical instrument, a simple flute, dates back as far as 67,000 years. Some consensus dates early flutes to about 37,000 years ago. However, most historians believe that determining a specific time of musical instrument invention is impossible due to the subjectivity of the definition and the relative instability of materials used to make them. Many early musical instruments were made from animal skins, bone, wood, and other non-durable materials.

Musical instruments developed independently in many populated regions of the world. However, contact among civilizations caused rapid spread and adaptation of most instruments in places far from their origin. By the middle ages, instruments from Mesopotamia were in Maritime southeast Asia, and Europeans played instruments from North Africa. Development in the Americas occurred at a slower pace, but cultures of North, Central, and South America shared musical instruments. By 1400, musical instrument development slowed in many areas and was dominated by the Occident.

THE MUSICAL ERA: PRESENT (PART, 3)

The musical taste was developing and was improving with bands like nirvana, guns and roses, spice girls in 90's. then the musical era entered the year 2000.While 'N Sync , Britney Spears , and Sisqo battled Eminem , Nelly , and Limp Bizkit for chart

superiority, some of the year's most significant noise was being made far from studios and concert stages. The controversy over music sharing program ‘ Napster ’ began here. The creator Shawn Fanning was only 18 when he wrote the source codes that shook the music world. His free, Internet song-swapping service was the hype of downloaders everywhere. Napster came under heavy legal fire during this year from the five giants of the recording industry - Warner Brothers, EMI, Sony, BMG, and Universal, who sued to shut down the service, citing alleged copyright infringement. Eminem has often been described as vile, violent, insensitive, misogynistic, and offensive, but Eminem's ability to throw down rhymes that outraged nearly everyone helped The Marshall Mathers LP rack up massive sales throughout 2000. Britney Spears became a prominent figure in mainstream popular music and popular culture during the 2000’s. Her first two albums established her as a pop icon and broke sales records, while title tracks "...Baby One More Time" and "Oops!... I Did It Again" became international number-one hits.

Then the musical taste entered the year 2010.During this year we see a complete change in the way music is brought. There is now a heavier outside influence on the songs that we purchase, an example of this being the Facebook influence in which outraged X-factor haters (sick of christmas number 1’s always being the X-factor winners) created a group called “ Rage Against the Machine – Killing in the name of for chirtsmas number 1”. This saw to the single reaching number 1 in Christmas 2009. Another example of this is with many of the most popular songs of 2009 re-entering the top 40 in early 2010 due to the iTunes gift card effect , including Lady Gaga 's "Poker Face", the biggest seller of 2009, which re-entered at No. 32. Tinie Tempah is an English rapper from Plumstead, South London. His debut album, Disc-Overy , debuted at number-one on 10 October 2010 and was preceded by the number-one singles "Pass Out" and "Written in the Stars“. He even brought forward Timothy McKenzie better known by his stage name Labrinth , who helped co-write some of Tempah’s hits and then released a top 3 single of his own. The genre they portray was popular worldwide and even carried forward by American arstists such as Bruno Mars

THE MUSICAL ERA: PRESENT (PART, 2)

The music started to become more and more popular with the reach of 1980's. With the 80’s came one of the biggest revelations in music to date, MTV (1981). Standing for “Music Television”, this channel was created to show music videos, guided by a Video Jockey (an on-air host). MTV proved most popular within society at this time with popular slogans like “MTV is here” spoken throughout the public. The Buggles were a ‘new wave’ band who are most remembered for their 1979 single ‘Video Killed the Radio Star’

which was also MTV’s first video premier, ironically with the lyrics “ pictures came and broke your heart ”. The single was number 1 on the singles chart in 16 different countries. The New Wave genre incorporated aspects like electronica and experimental music. It was also often associated with the Mod subculture. The 80’s also saw to Blondie ’s biggest hit ‘Call Me’. It peaked at number 1 for 6 weeks, and was certified Gold (for one million copies sold). Blondie was another creator of the New Wave genre however also became noted for its eclectic mix of musical styles incorporating elements of disco, pop, rap, and reggae.
Hard rock, heavy metal, and glam metal experienced extreme popularity in 1980s, becoming one of the most dominant music genres of the decade, peaking with the arrival of such bands as Guns n' Roses and Bon Jovi .

The hip hop scene developed massively in the 80’s, exhibiting a much stronger influence on the music industry… Run-D.M.C. were one of the most influential groups of this genre during the 80’s. They were the first group in their genre to have a Gold record and be nominated for a Grammy and they were among the first to show how important the MC/DJ relationship was. They were even named the Greatest Hip Hop Group of All Time by our old 70’s friend MTV.comBy this point in time the 90’s saw to several diverse genres of music on the scene... Grunge music alongside similar subgenres peaked in popularity during 1990/91 with the success of bands such as Nirvana .

This style today is still strongly associated with this decadFemale pop icons such as the “Spice Girls" manage to break America, taking the world by storm and becoming the most commercially successful British Group since The Beatles. Their impact brings about a widespread invasion of teen pop acts around the world such as Britney Spears,Christina Aguilera, 'N Sync and Backstreet Boys.

MUSICAL ERA : THE PRESENT , (PART 1)

"People havn't always been there for me but music always has"- Taylor Swift

Music has and are always been there from past till present and still continues.Life knocks you down, music helps you to get up. Past music were instrumental and mostly sung or played in church. 

Talking about the present music, the rock and roll genre started from 1950s which is still popular today.one of the 1st group to start this type of music is Bill Haley and his comets. Formed in 1952, the band is considered the  revolutionary era

with their energetic behaviour, which is still used by the present day band. No doubt the most popular figure of 1950s was Elvis Presley also know as the  "king of rock and roll". He started his career in 1954 and showed his rock and roll genre.

After the successful start of the rock and roll genre in 50's came the same trend still continued in 60's. In 1960 came the "Motown Record Corporation" first recording music center.It was in 60's when Bob Dylan lead us from the days of audio and brought us the music video. His single "subterranean homesick blues" brought with it a first ever music video.

After 60's, music took a great new step. Came 1970 where the music entered the rock genre.This century brought us many of the most famous rock bands of all time, for example Aerosmith (officially formed in 1971) a worldly famous American hard-rock band, so much so they are often referred to as " America's Greatest Rock and Roll Band ". The band signed a record deal with Columbia records in 1972 after which they released some of their most memorable songs such as Sweet Emotion (1975) which became the band’s first single within the top 40. The hard-rock was a subgenre of rock taken to a whole new level by 70’s band KISS (formed 1973) were famous for their overly-creative outfits and highly distinctive face paints. KISS’s fame arose mostly with their crazed life performances which mostly consisted of, blood spitting, fire breathing and even levitating instruments. This helped KISS to remain a well-known group today, their unique style even appearing in the 2008 comedy ‘Role Models’. The rock genre began to become more associated with the younger generations as they could relate their angst to the aggression shown by these bands in performances etc… It was during this century (1974/76) that Punk Rock , the worldly-known subgenre was formed.

MUSIC ERA : THE BEGINNING

“To stop the flow of music would be like the stopping of time itself, incredible and inconceivable.”- Aaron Copland 

From the research we can say that music was discovered from both Africa and Europe but Africa just stayed with the tribal unique music, European countries began to move ahead in every field including music. After the the middle age came "The Renaissance period(1450-1600)". Renaissance period was consider to be the most developed and golden period for Europe. Europe excelled in most of the filed during this period.During the Renaissance Period, vocal music was still more important then instrumental. A humanistic interest in language created a close relationship between words and music during this time. Composers began to write music to give deeper meaning and emotion to the words in their songs. They wrote in a style referred to as word painting, where the music and words combine to form a representation of poetic images. Renaissance music is very emotional music, although to us it seems to be much calmer. This is because the emotion is expressed in a balanced way, without extreme contrasts of dynamics, tone color, and rhythm. Renaissance music has a mostly polyphonic texture, which means there are many lines of music being played at the same time. As opposed to medieval times, this music has a more full sound, because the bass register was used, expanding the range of music to about four octaves. Each line of melody has rhythmic independence, giving Renaissance music a more flowing rhythm and not a sharply defined beat. The melodies are also easy to sing because they move along scales with few large leaps.

Music was becoming more popular during this time. Much of this was due to the invention of the printing press, which could circulate copies of music. The number of composers also began to increase. The Renaissance had the ideal of the “universal man” and believed that every educated person was to be trained in music. Musicians still worked in the churches, courts, and towns. The size of church choirs grew. But unlike the Middle Ages where just a few soloists performed in the church, an entire male choir would now sing. Music was still important in the church, although it has shifted more to the courts. The kings, princes, and dukes were all fine composers. One court alone might have had ten to sixty composers consisting of vocalists and instrumentalists. There was a music director for each court that would compose and direct the court’s performers. The town musicians would perform for civic processions, weddings, and religious services. Musicians now had a higher status in society with better pay, and they wanted to be known and sought credit for their work.

Before middle age and The Renaissance, music was there but the practice of music only started from middle age. 
   

HISTORY OF MUSIC

“Music gives a soul to the universe, wings to the mind, flight to the imagination and life to everything.” - PLATO

Talking about history of music, the question that usually hits our mind is where, when and who started it?? Nobody can surely say from where did it originated.The origin of music is unknown as it occurred prior to the advent of recorded history. Some suggest that the origin of music likely stems from naturally occurring sounds and rhythms. Human music may echo these phenomena using patterns, repetition and tonality. Even today, some cultures have certain instances of their music intending to imitate natural sound. In some instances, this feature is related to shamanistic believe or practice. It may also serve entertainment (game) or practical (luring animals in hunt)functions. It is probable that the first musical instrument was the human voice itself, which can make a vast array of sounds, from singing, humming and whistling through to clicking, coughing and yawning. In 2008 archaeologists discovered a bone flute in the Hohle Fels cave near Ulm, Germany. The five-holed flute has a V-shaped mouthpiece and is made from a vulture wing bone. The oldest known wooden pipes were discovered near Greystones, Ireland, in 2004. A wood-lined pit contained a group of six flutes made from yew wood, between 30 and 50 cm long, tapered at one end, but without any finger holes. They may once have been strapped together. 
According to some researches music may have been in existence for at least 50,000 years and the first music may have been invented in Africa 
Some other researches also state that music was discovered in and around the middle age (450-1450). According to this  Music comes from the Ancient Greek muses, who were the nine goddesses of art and science.  Music actually began around 500 B.C. when Pythagoras experimented with acoustics and how math related to tones formed from plucking strings.  The main form of music during the Middle Ages was the Gregorian chant, named for Pope Gregory I.  This music was used in the Catholic Churches to enhance the services.  It consisted of a sacred Latin text sung by monks without instrumentation.  The chant is sung in a monophonic texture, which means there is only one line of music.  It has a free-flowing rhythm with little or no set beat.  The chants were originally all passed through oral tradition, but the chants became so numerous that the monks began to notate them. Towards the end of the Middle Ages, about the 12^th and 13^th centuries, music began to move outside of the church.  French nobles called troubadours and trouveres were among the first to have written secular songs.  Music of this time was contained among the nobility, with court minstrels performing for them.  There were also wandering minstrels who would perform music and acrobatics in castles, taverns, and town squares.  These people were among the lowest social class, along with prostitutes and slaves, but they were important because they passed along information, since there were no newspapers.

Thus from researches we can conclude that the music were discovered from Europe though the tribal music were also the music discovered around that time we can't deny about Africa also being the 1st to discover the music. 

THE ART OF MUSIC

"ONE GOOD THING ABOUT MUSIC, WHEN IT HITS YOU, YOU FEEL NO PAIN"- Bob Marley


A Music is something which can be created but can't be destroyed.....Sound is a kind of music but that doesn't include noise....A sound which is melodious can only be stated as music.....Saying we love music doesn't mean and can't be enough to show our love for music...To love a music we need to learn to respect every music, every instrument, and every musician....There is still a question what can a music do??.....Is it just for listening, entertainment or can it be useful for some other things??. Music is a world itself.....When we listen to some kind of melody we just begin to lost in it......Music also works as medicine....For example when we are going through some tension or when we are feeling angry, we just begin to be irritated in small things......A soft instrumental music with a nap can be helpful for reducing tension and anger making our mood fresh...And not only this music is helpful for healing many diseases, through Music therapy...

What is music therapy??

Music therapy is an allied health profession and one of the expressive therapies consisting of an interpersonal process in which a certified music therapist uses music and all of its facets physical, emotional, mental, social, aesthetic, and spiritual to help clients to improve or maintain their health.
Music therapy is not a new treatment method....It has been practiced from long time...

Music has been used as a healing force for centuries. Apollo is god of music and of medicine. Aesculapius was said to cure diseases of the mind by using song and music, and music therapy was used in Egyptian temples. Plato said that music affected the emotions and could influence the character of an individual. Aristotle taught that music affects the soul and described music as a force that purified the emotions. Aulus Cornelius Celsus advocated the sound of cymbals and running water for the treatment of mental disorders. Music therapy goes back to biblical times, when David played the harp to rid King Saul of a bad spirit. As early as 400 B.C., Hippocrates, played music for his mental patients. In the thirteenth century, Arab hospitals contained music-rooms for the benefit of the patients. In the United States, Native American medicine men often employed chants and dances as a method of healing patients.TheTurco-Persian psychologist and music theorist al-Farabi (872–950), known as "Alpharabius" in Europe, dealt with music therapy in his treatise Meanings of the Intellect, where he discussed the therapeutic effects of music on the soul. Robert Burton wrote in the 17th century in his classic work, The Anatomy of Melancholy, that music and dance were critical in treating mental illness, especially melancholia. Music therapy as we know it began in the aftermath of World Wars I and II. Musicians would travel to hospitals, particularly in the United Kingdom, and play music for soldiers suffering from war-related emotional and physical trauma




We can see music is not only use as entertainment purpose from the past but also for healing different diseases.... Music therapy helps people to cope with:







JUS HAV FAITH IN MUSIC AS "THE GOOD MUSIC CAN ALWAYZ DEFEAT BAD LUCK AND DISEASES"............

MEANING OF MUSIC

Life without music..... can we even imagine it.??....I seriously can't......Everything we can imagine can be related with music. So what actually is music...??.  When we walk,our feet make sound.....when we whistle therezz some sound ......even when we cook in a pressure cooker  it whistle..the air playing with the branches and leaves and making a sound.......These all are sound which is kind of music if we can feel it...... Music is everywhere and is everything....Even while typing we can hear the sound ......Music is just a simple and variety of sound giving some melody....The meaning of music may differ from person to person and also may differ from place to place......Itzz just a sound with variety of melody....For me music is life, soul, passion, love, pain, everything without which i can't imagine my life....My day starts with music and ends with it...Music not only means songs which we listen  as i've stated above itzz a sound which we can hear everywhere...Our body is a musical instrument too.....we can hear our heart beat which can be stated as a music...Music is also creativity.....we can create many beats on our own.....Tapping our foot, or may be clapping hands, whistling....Its a simple way of creating music...It's not hard to create one and neither do we have too learn any instrument....If we can't afford a musical instrument still we can create simple musiczz.....it isn't hard, what we really need is a true passion and love for music......As the thought goes "WHERE THERE IS A WILL THERE IS A WAY"...